Pigmentation
Dark spots, uneven tone, and hyperpigmentation from melanin overproduction triggered by sun, hormones, or inflammation.
Pigmentation concerns include sun spots, melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, and uneven skin tone. They arise from excess melanin production and transfer. The DermaGenome Knowledge Graph connects pigmentation to vitamin C, niacinamide, retinol, lasers, and SPF.
Overview
Hyperpigmentation occurs when melanocytes overproduce melanin, which is transferred to keratinocytes. Triggers include UV exposure, hormonal changes (melasma), and inflammation (PIH).
Treatments
Brightening ingredients (vitamin C, niacinamide, alpha arbutin), retinoids to accelerate turnover, exfoliating acids, and in-office lasers (pico, IPL). Daily SPF is non-negotiable to prevent recurrence.
Connected Concepts
Ingredients
Vitamin C
Antioxidant that brightens, evens tone, and protects against UV damage.
Niacinamide
Vitamin B3 that reduces pigmentation, strengthens barrier, and refines pores.
Retinol
Vitamin A derivative that accelerates cell turnover, boosts collagen, and smooths wrinkles and pigmentation.
Devices